Thursday, April 2, 2009

hidden English "man" of a woman's heart?

But
OOOO that Shakespeherian Rag--
It's so elegant
So intelligent
. . .
There is always another one walking beside you
Gliding wrapt in a brown mantle, hooded
I do not know whether a man or woman
--But who is that on the other side of you?

What is that sound high in the air
Murmur of maternal lamentation
Who are those hooded hordes swarming
(from T. S. Eliot, "The Waste Land")

Suzanne has another compelling post up: this one on the question of whether "the Greek word anthropos, when used for an individual, always refers to a 'male human being'." She quotes from and reviews and offers a counterexample to a statement in Michael Marlowe's "The Ambiguity of 'Anthropos'".

I want to draw attention to another troubling statement in Marlowe's essay, his conclusion:
The usage of words relating to gender and humanity in the Greek language are no less "sexist" than the ordinary English usages which feminists have been trying to abolish for 30 years now, and this may be seen clearly enough in the case of the word anthropos. It is also evident that [. . . writers] have confused the issue with specious arguments about Greek words and linguistics are merely distracting us from the fact that the "inclusive language" debate has to do not with Greek but with our English words and their meaning, and the recent attempts to reform our English usage along politically correct lines. On this question of English usage the professors of Greek have no more authority than any layman who is acquainted with the English language.
I'm so glad Marlowe tries to move the discussion away from "professors" to "any layman" and from ancient "Greek" to our shared "English." We should notice that he himself has a "bachelor's degree in English Literature" and in "the biblical languages. . . the MA degree." I wonder what he thinks of what the man T. S. Eliot is doing with our English language in "The Waste Land." Yes, let's get beyond this authority, this alleged sexism in common English.

So, if we just consider the English language that we all share as lay-men, then is the question of gender in our shared ordinary vocabularies really something that deconstructive "feminists" are abusing and are challenging only "along politically correct lines"? As I asked in my previous post, do men challenging a woman and her language really "hear her"? But do they actually "hear her feel"?

I'm challenging "any layman who is acquainted with the English language" to hear what the (woman) writer Nancy Mairs feels. This is from pages 86-87 of her voice lessons: On Becoming a (Woman) Writer. In this conclusion to her chapter, "Essaying the Feminine: From Montaigne to Kristeva," Mairs starts a struggle, a stuttering adventure in communication with you using the language you know (ambiguous as it is) if you just stay with her:
As my groping here suggests, despite my instruction by a host of gifted feminist critics, I certainly don't yet have a clear vision of what woman's writing might be. Pace Jacques Lacan, I know the phallus is no transcendental signifier--nor transcendental anything else--but I don't know what my transcendental signifier is, if indeed there is any such thing, which I doubt, since the whole concept seems far too located to express my experience of the world. My "I" seems simply not to be the male-constructed "I.": It is more fluid, diffuse, multiplex (giddy, duplicitous, and inconstant, I think men have called it). Maybe we need another sort of signifier for the female self--the "O" might be a logical choice, or rather a whole string of Os: OOOOO. That's me.

The fact of the matter, though, is that when I sit down at my desk to tell a story, I can't begin, "OOOOO woke this morning to the song of a cardinal in the fig tree outside the back door." Radical feminist writers like Monique Wittig and Mary Daly experiment with techniques for reinventing reality by exploding patriarchal linguistic patterns. But in passages like this one--
The Powers to break the framers' frameworks are within women. Dis-Covering our Lust of Be-ing, we can easily swing open the doors to our freedom. We work to attain the Prudence of Prudes, the Courage of Crones, the Distemper of Dragon-identified Fire-breathing Furies. Furiously focused, we find our Final Cause.
--all those hyphens and capital letters and puns and alliterations give me a wicked case of intellectual indigestion, and after twenty pages I'm too dyspeptic to go on. If I want to speak plainly to you about particulars--and I do, more than anything else--I must use the language that I know you know.

I want a prose that is allusive and translucent, that eases you into me and embraces you, not one that baffles you or bounces you around so that you can't even tell where I am. And so I have chosen to work, very, very, very carefully, with the language we share, faults and all, choosing each word for its capacity, its ambiguity, the space it provides for me to live my life within it, relating rather than opposing each word to the next, each sentence to the next, "starting on all sides at once . . . twenty times, thirty times, over": the stuttering adventure of an essay.

Wednesday, April 1, 2009

Women and Bibles and Jews! Oh my!

This is a continuation of ESV, Luther Bible, and Jewish Women, a post started earlier in conversation with Suzanne's. I suppose there's not much more to give except (a) reminders and (b) illustrations.

(a) The reminders are these:

Jewish-German-bible-translating rhetorical-poetry writing women, such as Gertrud Kolmar, can sound like Martin Luther if they wish. (Listen again - "This towel is dirty beyond all measure.") And they can sound otherwise too. ("You hear me speak. But do you hear me feel?")

In contrast, men who put women down only sound one way. There's a motivator for this: fear masked as logic. For example, the gynophobic Aristotle is afraid to sound like a woman. And Luther (as Aristotle-loathing as he becomes) is nonetheless still fearful of letting a women speak; so he says, even around his own family's dinner table, things like "There is no gown or garment that worse becomes a woman than when she will be wise" and "Never any good came out of female domination. God created Adam master and lord of living creatures, but Eve spoilt all, when she persuaded him to set himself above God's will. 'Tis you women, with your tricks and artifices, that lead men into error." And Wayne Grudem, one of the dozen male-only members of the ESV Translation Oversight Committee, also seems afraid to listen to a women teaching: first, he strangely uses a cobbled excerpt from a secondary source to warrant (incorrectly) that "Aristotle 'believed that men and women should have the same education and training'" in order to conclude that feminists are just wrong about the Greek inequality of education for females; and, second, Grudem oddly uses the Bible itself to claim that women cannot teach men because "It is the order of creation" (pages 173, 176 of his chapter, "Feminist Views Based on Untruthful Claims," in his book, Evangelical Feminism: A New Path to Liberalism?).

Luther, his 1984 revisers, and the ESV team members sometimes ironically downplay the sexism of the text. Their masculinist translations that would have a woman naturally silent are translations that curiously downplay the misogyny by masking over the prominence and dominance of the man. It's as if the translators want to say, "Yes, God's image includes boy image and girl image. But let's just not make a big feminist deal right now out of what natural order of creation is, namely male over fe-male, man over wo-man. Let's just let fe-males and wo-men fit into this default, unmarked world (of us males and men)."

Perhaps these male translators want to hear a woman speak. But if so they want to hear her speaking to other women, and to children.

Perhaps these male translators want to hear a woman speak. But can they hear her feel?

(b) Some illustrations are these:

The only bit I need to show in this post is Exodus 35:20-22. The only bit of textual commentary I'm going to make is this little note of advice:

"Pay attention to the (masked over) male nouns (i.e., / בן ben / איש 'iysh / אנוש 'enowsh / איש 'iysh /) and to their relation to the explicit feminine nouns (i.e., both the grammatically feminine /עדה `edah / and the semantically fe-male /אשה 'ishshah /) and to how the pronouns are constructed in relation to these nouns."

Now, here we go:

ESV Exodus 35:
20 Then all the congregation of the people of Israel departed from the presence of Moses.
21 And they came,
everyone
whose heart stirred him,
and everyone whose spirit moved him,
and brought the LORD’s contribution to be used for the tent of meeting,
and for all its service,
and for the holy garments.
22 So they came,
both men and women.
All
who were of a willing heart brought brooches and earrings and signet rings and armlets, all sorts of gold objects,
every man dedicating an offering of gold to the LORD.

Luther Bible (revised 1984) Exodus 35:
20 Da ging die ganze Gemeinde der Israeliten von Mose weg.
21 Und alle, die es gern und freiwillig gaben, kamen
und brachten dem HERRN die Opfergabe zur Errichtung der Stiftshütte
und für allen Dienst darin
und für die heiligen Kleider.
22 Es brachten
aber Männer und Frauen
freiwillig Spangen, Ohrringe, Ringe und Geschmeide und allerlei goldenes Gerät, ein jeder das Gold,
das er zur Gabe für den HERRN bestimmt hatte.

Luther (original)
20 Da ging die ganze Gemeinde der Kinder Israel aus von Mose.
...
22 ... Dazu brachte jedermann Gold zum Webeopfer dem HERRN.

In contrast, here is Julia E. Smith, letting the inherent sexism of the text show in her transparent literal translation of Exodus 35:
20 And all the assembly of the sons of Israel will go forth from before Moses.
21 And they will come,
every man whose heart lifted him up
and every one whose spirit impelled him,
and they brought the offering of Jehovah to the work of the tent of appointment,
and for all its work, and for the garments of the holy place.
22 And they will come,
the men with the women,
all of a willing heart,
they brought rings, and ear-rings, and seals, and globules of gold, all vessels of gold:
and every man who lifted up a waving of gold to Jehovah.

And here's some Jews' translation of their own scriptures into Greek (again letting the male dominance show in the text of) Exodus 35:
20 καὶ ἐξῆλθεν πᾶσα συναγωγὴ υἱῶν Ισραηλ ἀπὸ Μωυσῆ
21 καὶ ἤνεγκαν
ἕκαστος ὧν ἔφερεν αὐτῶν ἡ καρδία,
καὶ ὅσοις ἔδοξεν τῇ ψυχῇ αὐτῶν,
ἤνεγκαν ἀφαίρεμα κυρίῳ εἰς πάντα τὰ ἔργα τῆς σκηνῆς τοῦ μαρτυρίου
καὶ εἰς πάντα τὰ κάτεργα αὐτῆς
καὶ εἰς πάσας τὰς στολὰς τοῦ ἁγίου.
22 καὶ ἤνεγκαν
οἱ ἄνδρες παρὰ τῶν γυναικῶν·
πᾶς, ᾧ ἔδοξεν τῇ διανοίᾳ,
ἤνεγκαν σφραγῖδας καὶ ἐνώτια καὶ δακτυλίους καὶ ἐμπλόκια καὶ περιδέξια, πᾶν σκεῦος χρυσοῦν,
καὶ πάντες, ὅσοι ἤνεγκαν ἀφαιρέματα χρυσίου κυρίῳ.

Now the Hebrew:
20
וַיֵּצְאוּ כָּל־עֲדַת בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל מִלִּפְנֵי מֹשֶֽׁה׃
21
וַיָּבֹאוּ כָּל־אִישׁ אֲשֶׁר־נְשָׂאֹו לִבֹּו וְכֹל אֲשֶׁר נָדְבָה רוּחֹו אֹתֹו הֵבִיאוּ אֶת־תְּרוּמַת יְהוָה לִמְלֶאכֶת אֹהֶל מֹועֵד וּלְכָל־עֲבֹדָתֹו וּלְבִגְדֵי הַקֹּֽדֶשׁ׃
22
וַיָּבֹאוּ הָאֲנָשִׁים עַל־הַנָּשִׁים כֹּל נְדִיב לֵב הֵבִיאוּ חָח וָנֶזֶם וְטַבַּעַת וְכוּמָז כָּל־כְּלִי זָהָב וְכָל־אִישׁ אֲשֶׁר הֵנִיף תְּנוּפַת זָהָב לַיהוָֽה׃


Remembering in 2009

April fools day in the USA marks the beginning of the month after "Women's History Month," or March. In Canada, it's October. Deborah Siegal posted a “Women’s History Meme” last week to keep us all remembering in 2009. Here's her quiz to test your knowledge, and a link to the answers and the meme below that:

1. In 2009, women make up what percent of the U.S. Congress?
A. 3%
B. 17%
C. 33%
D. 50%

2. How many CEOs of Fortune 500 companies are female?
A. 15
B. 28
C. 59
D. 84

3. Who was the first First Lady to create her own media presence (ie hold regular press conferences, write a daily newspaper column and a monthly magazine column, and host a weekly radio show)?
A. Eleanor Roosevelt
B. Jacqueline Kennedy
C. Pat Nixon
D. Hillary Clinton

4. The Equal Rights Amendment was first introduced to Congress in:
A. 1923
B. 1942
C. 1969
D. 1971

5. Who was the first African-American woman to win the Nobel Prize for Literature?
A. Phyllis Wheatley
B. Alice Walker
C. Toni Morrison
D. Maya Angelou

6. What percentage of union members are women today?
A. 10%
B. 25%
C. 35%
D. 45%

7. When did both a woman and an African American run for both the U.S. presidency and the U.S. vice-presidency in the same year (and who were they)?
A. 2008 (Hillary Clinton, white woman; Barack Obama, black man - pres. candidates; Sarah Palin, white woman - VP candidate)
B. 1972 (Shirley Chisholm, black woman - pres. candidate; numerous white men selected as VP candidates).
C. 1872 before either African Americans or women could vote (Victoria Claflin Woodhull, white woman - pres. candidate; Frederick Douglas, black man - Woodhull's VP candidate).
D. All of the above

Siegal gives the answers to questions 1 - 6 above here. The answer to question 7 can be found here. Watch Siegal on the Today Show, where she gives another set of questions and explains the answers. (Quizes from 2007 are here and here).